16 herds in North Rhine Westphalia and Lower Saxony have reported outbreaks caused by BVD type IIc. The outbreaks were characterised by signs of respiratory distress, depression, high fever, weakness, bloody diarrhoea and high mortality (30–50%) affecting both calves and adult animals. Five infected veal calf herds have subsequently been reported in the Netherlands; all included animals imported directly from Germany. Mortality in these herds was up to 90%.